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68 paid outside, did not set forth a repayment and consequently, did not "provide for" Suncoast. e Eleventh Circuit rejected the debtor's broad reading of Rake, in which the debtor argued that a mere reference to the mortgage is sufficient for the plan to "provide for" it. In so doing, the Eleventh Circuit found that Rake stands for the proposition that a claim is "pro- vided for" where the plan supplies the terms that will govern the repayment of the claim. In Mayflower Capital Company v. Huyck (In re Huyck) 252 B.R. 509, 515 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2000), the bankruptcy court for the District of Colorado found that a Chapter 13 plan that called for the ongoing mortgage payments to be made outside the plan while the arrears were cured inside the plan did not discharge the debtor's obligation on the ongoing contrac- tual payments since said payments were not "provided for." Similarly, the bankruptcy court for the Eastern District of North Carolina came to the same conclusion based on analog facts in In re Hunt, No. 14-02212-5 DMW, WL 128048 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. Jan. 7, 2015). By the same token, the district court for the Southern District of Florida found that by stat- ing that the mortgage would "be paid directly," the plan did not provide for the mortgage and it was not subject to the discharge [Bank of America, N.A. v. Dominguez (In re Dominguez) No. 1:12-CV-24074—RSR (S.D. Fla. Sept 24, 2013)]. Nonetheless, the only case that lends any support to the debtor's argument is out of the Ninth Circuit [Matter of Gregory, 705 F.2d 1118 (9th Cir. 1983)]. In Gregory, which predated Rake, the Ninth Circuit found that Chapter 13 plan that specifically stated that it would pay zero dollars to unsecured creditors effectively "provided for" that claim in order to make it subject to the discharge. In distinguishing Gregory, the Eleventh Circuit found that, un- like the proposed plan by Mildred Dukes, the plan in Gregory did stipulate to terms for the unsecured creditors (i.e. it proposed to pay zero dollars). Contrast that with Dukes' plan that stated that the loan would be paid direct and outside. As if often the case, when a debtor proposes to cramdown (i.e. value) a loan inside the plan, either the Chapter 13 plan, confirmation order, or cramdown order is silent with regard to payment of taxes and insurance or states that it is to be treated outside the plan. In either case, the loan is de-escrowed and the debtor is responsible for the payment of taxes and insurance. Not surprisingly, debtors often fail to pay the taxes and insurance when due and either the lender or servicer is forced to advance these in order to protect its collateral. e question boils down to whether or not these escrow advances are "provided for" and subject to the discharge under §1325(a)? A reading of Dukes suggests otherwise. Based on this, it is imperative that steps be taken prior to recording a release of lien or satisfaction of mortgage in order to recoup any escrow advances made on behalf of the debtor. While the below provide some examples of how to do this, it is important to consult with experienced bankruptcy counsel since each jurisdiction has different requirements. In other words, what is suitable in one jurisdiction may not be suitable in the other. If the jurisdiction follows the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, it is recommended to file a Post-Petition Fee Notice. For instance, Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3002.1(c) provides in part "the holder of the claim shall file and serve on the debtor, debtor's counsel, and the trustee a notice itemizing all fees, expenses, or charges (1) that were incurred in connection with the claim after the bankruptcy case was filed, and (2) that the holder asserts are recoverable against the debtor or against the debtor's prin- cipal residence" (emphasis added). us, even if the cramdown is not a primary residence [which is typically not unless the anti-modi- fication provision of §1322(c)(2) applies], the amount disbursed is recoverable against the debtor since it is not "provided for" and thus, not subject to the discharge. Another option to be considered is to file a Motion to Compel Modified Plan for Escrow. e argument here is that the escrow advances are to be treated as an administrative expense pursuant to §503(b). In fact, said section defines administrative expense to include "the actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserv- ing the estate." Other options to be considered are the filing of a Motion for Relief from Stay (due to lack of adequate protection) as well as a Motion to Dismiss pursuant to §1307(c). It may also be a wise idea to file a Motion for Determination of Non-Dischargability. Doing this will result in a comfort order stating that said amounts (i.e. the escrow disbursements) are not discharged. is will provide a shield to any potential ac- tion for violation of discharge injunction down the road. Accordingly, it is imperative that action is taken to either recoup escrow advances prior to satisfaction of mortgage or release of lien being recorded. In addition, based on a reading of the Dukes case, as well as the other cases cited within, it appears that other jurisdictions have reached the same result regarding the "provided for" language in §1328(a). We are hopeful that this will continue to remain the majority view and provide an avenue for creditors to recoup escrow advances. e bankruptcy court for the District of Colorado found that a Chapter 13 plan that called for the ongoing mortgage payments to be made outside the plan while the arrears were cured inside the plan did not discharge the debtor's obligation on the ongoing contractual payments since said payments were not "provided for."

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